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perkakasan rangkaian

1.       Modem

a.       Perkakasan yang menukar isyarat digital kepada isyarat analog dan sebaliknya.

b.       Terdapat dua jenis modem iaitu modem luaran dan modem dalaman.

c.        Modem luaran adalah alat berasingan daripada komputer.

d.       Modem dalaman adalah expansion card yang boleh dimasukkan kepada expansion slot pada papan ibu komputer.

2.       Kad Antaramuka Rangkaian a.       Kad rangkaian dipasang ke dalam setiap komputer. b.       Ketika penghantaran maklumat di antara dua buah komputer dilakukan, maklumat yang akan dihantar akan melalui proses pengendalian. Kad rangkaian bertanggungjawab melakukan proses ini. c.        Kad antaramuka rangkaian mempunyai 3 kelajuan duplex penuh iaitu 10MB, 100MB dan 10/100MB.
3.       Hub a.       Berperanan untuk menghubungkan setiap komputer di dalam LAN. b.       Hub selalunya mengandungi 8, 12, 32 port untuk menyambungkan komputer-komputer atau alat-alat lain di dalam rangkaian. c.        Hub mempunyai 3 kelajuan duplex penuh iaitu 10MB, 100MB dan 10/100MB.
4.       Kabel a.       Talian sambungan di antara setiap peranti di dalam rangkaian merupakan kabel. b.       Dalam memainkan peranan sebagai perantara dalam penghantaran maklumat. c.        Spesifikasi kabel yang berbeza mempunyai kelajuan penghantaran yang berlainan.
5.       Repeater a.       Adalah sebuah alat yang menerima isyarat daripada media penghantaran, menguatkan semula isyarat tersebut dan menghantar semula isyarat berkenaan ke destinasinya.
6.       Bridges a.       Adalah sebuah alat yang menyambungkan 2 LAN yang menggunakan protokol yang sama seperti Ethernet.
7.       Routers a.       Adalah alat yang menyambungkan beberapa rangkaian termasuk rangkaian yang menggunakan protokol yang berbeza. b.       Ia adalah alat komunikasi pintar yang boleh membuat penghantaran data menggunakan laluan yang paling pantas.
8.       Gateways a.       Adalah kombinasi perkakasan dan perisian. b.       Kegunaanya adalah untuk menyamungkan rangkaian yang menggunakan protokol yang berbeza.

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topology

Network topology is the layout pattern of interconnections of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer^[1][2] or biological network.^[3] Network topologies may be physical or logical. Physical topology refers to the physical design of a network including the devices, location and cable installation. Logical topology refers to how data is actually transferred in a network as opposed to its physical design. In general physical topology relates to a core network whereas logical topology relates to basic network.

Topology can be understood as the shape or structure of a network. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical design of the devices on the computer network. The computers on a home network can be arranged in a circle but it does not necessarily mean that it represents a ring topology.

Any particular network topology is determined only by the graphical mapping of the configuration of physical and/or logical connections between nodes. The study of network topology uses graph theory. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types may differ in two networks and yet their topologies may be identical.

A local area network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical topology and a logical topology. Any given node in the LAN has one or more links to one or more nodes in the network and the mapping of these links and nodes in a graph results in a geometric shape that may be used to describe the physical topology of the network. Likewise, the mapping of the data flow between the nodes in the network determines the logical topology of the network. The physical and logical topologies may or may not be identical in any particular network.

IP ADDRESS

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.^[1] An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interfaceidentification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."^[2]

The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number^[1] and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4(IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995,^[3] standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998,^[4] and itsdeployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.

IP addresses are binary numbers, but they are usually stored in text files and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (for IPv6).

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages the IP address space allocations globally and delegates five regional Internet registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to local Internet registries (Internet service providers) and other entities.